His prolonged stay in the United States was extremely unpopular with the revolutionary movement in Iran, which still resented the United States' overthrow of Prime Minister Mosaddegh and the years of support for the Shah's rule. Farah Pahlavi (Persian: فرح پهلوی ; born 14 October 1938), née Farah Diba (فرح دیبا ), is the widow of the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and was the Shahbanu of Iran from 1961 to 1979. Inside, a circular colonnade delineated galleries and the centre of the mausoleum, where Reza Shah's sarcophagus, in Izmir blue marble, stood, beside which stood a white marble bust of Reza Shah, and a copy of the Qur'an. Despite substantial opposition from Shiite religious jurists, the Iranian feminist movement, led by activists such as Fatemah Sayyeh, achieved further advancement under Mohammad Reza. [314] On 28 October 2016, thousands of people in Iran celebrating Cyrus Day at the Tomb of Cyrus, chanted slogans in support of him, and against the current Islamic regime of Iran and Arabs, and many were subsequently arrested.[315]. Still, I often reflect, if I am driven-or perhaps I should say supported-by another force, there must be a reason. [72], My dear son, since the time I resigned in your favour and left my country, my only pleasure has been to witness your sincere service to your country. [296], Torrijos added to Mohammad Reza's misery by making his chief bodyguard a militantly Marxist sociology professor who spent much time lecturing Mohammad Reza on how he deserved his fate because he been a tool of the "American imperialism" that was oppressing the Third World, and charged Mohammad Reza a monthly rent of US$21,000, making him pay for all his food and the wages of the 200 National Guardsmen assigned as his bodyguards. Milani, Abbas The Shah, London: Macmillan, 2011, p. 413. [115] Mohammad Reza tried very hard to co-opt the supporters of the National Front by adopting some of their rhetoric and addressing their concerns, for example declaring in several speeches his concerns about the Third World economic conditions and poverty which prevailed in Iran, a matter that had not much interested him before. After the seizure of power by the Islamic revolutionaries on 11 February 1979, and the fall of Shapour Bakhtiar, the revolution triumphed and Khomeini and his followers settled permanently in power. free nourishment) was implemented. They roamed Tehran, raising red flags and pulling down statues of Reza Shah. In their biography of the Shah, Houchang Nahavandi and Yves Bomati say that the body of Reza Shah was actually moved before the revolution, but in a secret place still today, known by few people. [175], Iran's relations with Iraq, however, were often difficult due to political instability in the latter country. [147] At least 200 people were killed, with the police throwing some students to their deaths from high buildings, and Khomeini was exiled to Iraq in August 1964. Milani, Abbas The Shah, London: Macmillan, 2011, pp. [120], Determined to rule as well as reign, it was during the mid 1950s that Mohammad Reza started to promote a state cult around Cyrus the Great, portrayed as a great Shah who had reformed the country and built an empire with obvious parallels to himself. The Soviets tried to use a TV remote control to detonate a bomb-laden Volkswagen Beetle; the TV remote failed to function. [129] A sign of Mohammad Reza's power came in 1959 when a British company won a contract with the Iranian government that was suddenly cancelled and given to Siemens instead. They were married in 1959, and Queen Farah was crowned Shahbanu, or Empress, a title created specially for her in 1967. [292] From the time of the storming of the American embassy in Tehran and the taking of the embassy staff as hostages, Mohammad Reza's presence in the United States was viewed by the Carter administration as a stumbling block to the release of the hostages, and as Zonis noted "... he was, in effect, expelled from the country". Nevertheless, Reza Shah was always convinced that his sudden quirk of good fortune had commenced in 1919 with the birth of his so… [149] A soldier shot his way through the Marble Palace. [219] On 7 January 1978, an article Iran and Red and Black Colonization was published in the newspaper Ettela'at attacking Ruhollah Khomeini, who was in exile in Iraq at the time; it referred to him as a homosexual, a drug addict, a British spy and claimed he was an Indian, not an Iranian. [107], During the following two days, the Communists turned against Mosaddegh. Shortly before his death on July 27, 1980 (36 years and 1 day after his father), Mohammad Reza Shah told a small circle of intimates a location in Iran where, if his remains were to come back someday, he would like to be buried with soldiers and officers tortured by the revolutionaries; the authors imply that this place could be the same as that where the body of Reza Shah is hidden. "[189], With Iran's great oil wealth, the Shah became the preeminent leader of the Middle East, and self-styled "Guardian" of the Persian Gulf. In the meantime, according to the CIA plot, Zahedi appealed to the military, claimed to be the legitimate prime minister and charged Mosaddegh with staging a coup by ignoring the Shah's decree. 2,500 years of continuous Persian monarchy, people killed by the Shah and his military during the revolution, 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire, Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini, Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution, rotating member of the UN Security Council, List of titles and honours of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran, Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II, "Historic Personalities of Iran: Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi", "March, 15, 1976 A.D.: Iran Switches To Imperial Calendar", "Torture still scars Iranians 40 years after revolution", "The Iranian revolution—A timeline of events", "Iran's Black Friday: Massacre of Thousands in 1978", "Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran", "First Party of Iran's 2,500‐Year Celebration", United States Army Center of Military History, "Premier Quits as Iran Speeds Nationalization of Oil Fields", "Message to the Prime Minister of Iran Following the Breakdown of Oil Discussions With Great Britain", "In declassified document, CIA acknowledges role in '53 Iran coup", "Princess Soraya, 69, Shah's Wife Whom He Shed for Lack of Heir", "The 5 Most Precarious US Allies of All Time", America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century, Opposition to Mohammad Reza Shah's Regime, "Amnesty International Annual Report 1974-1975", "40 Years Ago Richard Nixon Strengthens Persian Ally", Ten Things the US needs to learn from Iran's Islamic Revolution, "Dr. Michael Debakey Describes the Shah's Surgery and Predicts a Long Life for Him", "The death of an emperor – Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and his political cancer", "A Criminal As The Successor To Khamenei? He has no moral courage and succumbs easily to fear". Builders were carrying out construction work at a Shia shrine in Tehran when they found the body amid a pile of rubble. The mausoleum was the scene of several celebrations: the most spectacular being the golden jubilee of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1976, 50 years after the coronation of Reza Shah. [223] The seclusion of the Shah, who normally loved the limelight, sparked all sorts of rumors about the state of his health and damaged the imperial mystique, as the man who had been presented as a god-like ruler was revealed to be fallible. Under the direction of Kermit Roosevelt Jr., a senior CIA officer and grandson of former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, the American CIA and British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) funded and led a covert operation to depose Mosaddegh with the help of military forces disloyal to the government. [216], The overthrow of the Shah came as a surprise to almost all observers. [30] The result of his upbringing between a loving, if possessive and superstitious mother and an overbearing martinet father was to make Mohammad Reza in the words of Zonis "a young man of low self-esteem who masked his lack of self-confidence, his indecisiveness, his passivity, his dependency and his shyness with masculine bravado, impulsiveness, and arrogance", making him into a person of marked contradictions as the Crown Prince was "both gentle and cruel, withdrawn and active, dependent and assertive, weak and powerful". [317] In 1973, Mohammad Reza told the Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci: A king who does not need to account to anyone for what he says and does is unavoidably doomed to loneliness. [58] Later that year British and Soviet forces occupied Iran in a military invasion, forcing Reza Shah to abdicate. He later lived in Marrakesh, Morocco as a guest of King Hassan II. [173] Additionally, British, French, and Italian arms firms were willing to sell Iran weapons, thus giving Mohammad Reza considerable leverage in his talks with the Americans, who sometimes worried that the Shah was buying more weapons than Iran needed or could handle. [39], By the time Mohammad Reza turned 11, his father deferred to the recommendation of Abdolhossein Teymourtash, the Minister of Court, to dispatch his son to Institut Le Rosey, a Swiss boarding school, for further studies. On 16 January 1979, Mohammad Reza made a contract with Farboud and left Iran at the behest of Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar (a longtime opposition leader himself), who sought to calm the situation. Between 1967 and 1977, the number of universities increased in number from 7 to 22, the number of institutions of advanced learning rose from 47 to 200, and the number of students in higher education soared from 36,742 to 100,000. [112] Mohammad Reza feared that history would repeat itself, remembering how his father was a general who had seized power in a coup d'état in 1921 and deposed the last Qajar shah in 1925, and his major concern in the years 1953–55 was to neutralise Zahedi. [238] The Shah had exaggerated ideas about the power of the KGB, which he thought of as omnipotent, and often expressed the view that all of the demonstrations against him had been organised in Moscow, saying only the KGB had the power to bring out thousands of ordinary people to demonstrate. [99][100][101], Despite the high-level coordination and planning, the coup initially failed, causing the Shah to flee to Baghdad, and then to Rome. [160], As part of his efforts to modernise Iran and give the Iranian people a non-Islamic identity, Mohammad Reza quite consciously started to celebrate Iranian history before the Arab conquest with a special focus on the Achaemenid period. All political personalities who had suffered disgrace during his father's reign were rehabilitated, and the forced unveiling policy inaugurated by his father in 1935 was overturned. [85] As a regular visitor to the nightclubs of Italy, France and the United Kingdom, Mohammad Reza was linked romantically to several actresses including Gene Tierney, Yvonne De Carlo and Silvana Mangano. Then, in 1975, the countries signed the Algiers Accord, which granted Iran equal navigation rights in the Shatt al-Arab as the thalweg was now the new border, while Mohammad Reza agreed to end his support for Iraqi Kurdish rebels. [244] On 3 November, a SAVAK plan to arrest about 1,500 people considered to be leaders of the revolution was submitted to Mohammad Reza, who at first tentatively agreed, but then changed his mind, disregarding not the only plan, but also dismissing its author, Parviz Sabeti. His programmes included projects in technologies such as steel, telecommunications, petrochemical facilities, power plants, dams and the automobile industry. But in the documentary of 2015 From Tehran to Cairo, centered on the exile of the Shah in January 1979 to his death in July 1980, his widow, Empress Farah, faces a moment to images of Khalkhali gloating amid ruins of the mausoleum, yet says this: "The story goes that the government had time to recover the body of Reza Shah the Great to put it somewhere else, hidden ... but it is not; he is still buried there". [113] Supporters of the banned National Front were persecuted, but in his first important decision as leader, Mohammad Reza intervened to ensure most of the members of the National Front brought to trial, such as Mosaddegh himself, were not executed as many had expected. Armed with an order by the Shah, it appointed General Fazlollah Zahedi as prime minister. Shia Islam has no tradition of describing Shahs being favoured with messages from God, very few Shahs had ever claimed that their dreams were divine messages, and most people in the West laughed and snickered at Mohammad Reza's claim that his dreams were messages from God. [102] To get him to support the coup, his twin sister Princess Ashraf, who was much tougher than him and publicly questioned his manhood several times, visited him on 29 July 1953 to berate him into signing a decree dismissing Mossaddegh. "[192], However, by 1975, Mohammad Reza had abolished the two-party system of government in favour of a one-party state under the Rastakhiz (Resurrection) Party. Construction workers in southern Tehran may have stumbled across the mummified body of Reza Shah.[3]. Amongst others, these include: The Shah asserts himself: from playboy to authoritarian, Modernisation and evolution of government, Image and self-image of Mohammad Reza in the 1970s, "Things fell apart, the centre cannot hold": the regime falls apart, Criticism of reign and causes of his overthrow. [299], In 1974 the Shah's doctor, Dr. Ayadi, diagnosed the Shah with splenomegaly after he complained of a swollen abdomen. A few years later, probably in the 1970s, just before the golden jubilee of the Pahlavi dynasty, the wall was felled (or expanded), the small park was replaced by two large basins in the L-shape identifying the passage leading to the mausoleum, and a large avenue was led through all of Rey in the continuity of the passage leading to the mausoleum. [236], By October 1978, strikes were paralysing the country, and in early December a "total of 6 to 9 million"—more than 10% of the country—marched against the Shah throughout Iran. [252] For Mohammad Reza this announcement was the final blow, and he was convinced that the Western leaders were holding the meeting to discuss how best to abandon him.[253]. [241] Milani wrote that Mohamad Reza's view of the revolution as a gigantic conspiracy organised by foreign powers suggested that there was nothing wrong with Iran, and the millions of people demonstrating against him were just dupes being used by foreigners, a viewpoint that did not encourage concessions and reforms until it was too late. Milani, Abbas The Shah, London: Macmillan, 2011, pp. [300] On 28 March 1980, Mohammad Reza's French and American doctors finally performed an operation meant to have been performed in the fall of 1979. A widely shared photograph on social media appeared to show an Iranian construction work taking a selfie with the body after discovering it at the foot of his bulldozer. The Imperial Iranian national flag was placed in the top left quadrant of each standard. [339], On 14 January 1979, an article titled "Little pain expected in exile for Shah" by The Spokesman Review newspaper found that the Pahlavi dynasty had amassed one of the largest private fortunes in the world; estimated then at well over $1 billion. Swedish socialism! The initial operation was a disaster, but the Shah continued attempts to support the rebels and weaken Iraq. [179] The Iranian abrogation of the 1937 treaty marked the beginning of a period of acute Iraqi-Iranian tension that was to last until the Algiers Accords of 1975. It was built close to Shah-Abdol-Azim shrine. "[84], Mohammad Reza often spoke of women as sexual objects who existed only to gratify him, which led to his 1973 exchange with Fallaci, who vehemently objected to his attitudes towards women. On his way back to the palace, the streets filled with people welcoming the new Shah jubilantly, seemingly more enthusiastic than the Allies would have liked. [189], As a way of increasing pressure on Baghdad, the peshmerga had been encouraged by Iran and the U.S. to abandon guerrilla war for conventional war in April 1974, so the years 1974–75 saw the heaviest fighting between the Iraqi Army and the peshmerga. Fred Halliday, Iran; Dictatorship and Development, Penguin, Amir Taheri, "New Frame for a New Picture,", Robert Graham, Iran, St. Martins, January 1979. General Omar Torrijos, the dictator of Panama kept Mohammad Reza as a virtual prisoner at the Paitilla Medical Center, a hospital condemned by the former Shah's American doctors as "an inadequate and poorly staffed hospital", and in order to hasten his death allowed only Panamanian doctors to treat his cancer. The mausoleum had two entrances: one opening directly onto the courtyard of the Shah Abdolazim Mosque, the other one onto a small park enclosed by a wall. Iran's literacy programs were among the most innovative and effective anywhere in the world, so that by 1977 the number of Iranians able to read and write had climbed from just 17 percent to more than 50 percent.[212]. The monarch also actively extends his influence to all phases of social affairs ... there is hardly any activity or vocation in which the Shah or members of his family or his closest friends do not have a direct or at least a symbolic involvement. [74] At the same time, the growing popularity of the Tudeh Party also worried Mohammad Reza, who felt there was a serious possibility of a coup by the Tudeh. [60] Reflecting the panic, a group of senior Iranian generals called the Crown Prince to receive his blessing to hold a meeting to discuss how best to surrender. A coalition of mobs and retired officers close to the Palace executed this coup d'état. Fawning all over us. A short time after Mohammad Reza's arrival in Panama, an Iranian ambassador was dispatched to the Central American nation carrying a 450-p. extradition request. However, he and his supporters argued that the celebrations opened new investments in Iran, improved relationships with the other leaders and nations of the world, and provided greater recognition of Iran. [305] Shortly after, the Shah slipped into a coma and died on 27 July 1980 at age 60. An image of the imperial crown was included in every official state document and symbol, from the badges of the armed forces to paper money and coinage. Rahman, Tahir (2007). [213][214][215], International cultural cooperation was encouraged and organised, such as the 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire and Shiraz Arts Festival. [57], The Iranian-American historian Abbas Milani wrote about the relationship between the Reza Khan and the Crown Prince: "As his father's now constant companion, the two men consulted on virtually every decision". He repeatedly clashed with his prime minister Ahmad Qavam, whom he viewed as too pro-Soviet. On 1 May 1974, French Professor Georges Flandrin flew into Tehran to treat the Shah. The Shah's appearance was stunningly worse ... Clearly he had obstructive jaundice. Milani, Abbas The Shah, London: Macmillan, 2011, pp. [113] The contempt in which the Shah was held by Iranian elites led to a period in the mid-1950s where the elite displayed fissiparous tendencies, feuding amongst themselves now that Mossadegh had been overthrown, which ultimately allowed Mohammad Reza to play off various factions in the elite to assert himself as the nation's leader. 1 June, 1960 ᴄᴇ) is an author who specializes in comparative mysticism, Islamic Studies, Sufism and Shi'ism. The Shah later met with French physicians in 1976 in Zurich who were disturbed by the Shah's abnormal blood count. [45], Mohammad Reza was the first Iranian prince in line for the throne to be sent abroad to attain a foreign education and remained there for the next four years before returning to obtain his high school diploma in Iran in 1936. [105], Before the first attempted coup, the American Embassy in Tehran reported that Mosaddegh's popular support remained robust. The national income also rose 423 times over. Reza Shah Pahlavi (Persie: رضا شاه پهلوی; pronounced [reˈzɑː ˈʃɑːhe pæhlæˈviː]) (15 Mairch 1878 – 26 Julie 1944), wis the Shah o Iran (Persie) frae 15 December 1925 till he wis forced tae abdicate bi the Anglo-Soviet invasion o Iran on 16 September 1941. Despite personal pleas from President Nixon, the Shah ignored any complaints, claimed the U.S. was importing more oil than any time in the past, and proclaimed that "the industrial world will have to realise that the era of their terrific progress and even more terrific income and wealth based on cheap oil is finished. Their marriage was not a happy one as the Crown Prince was openly unfaithful, often being seen driving around Tehran in one of his expensive cars with one of his girlfriends. By 1977, Iran's armed services spending had made it the world's fifth strongest military. "[260], Explanations for the overthrow of Mohammad Reza include his status as a dictator put in place by a non-Muslim Western power, the United States,[261][262] whose foreign culture was seen as influencing that of Iran. However, independent feminist political groups were shut down and forcibly integrated into one state-created institution, which maintained many paternalistic views. [6] Mohammad Reza also introduced the White Revolution, a series of economic, social and political reforms with the proclaimed intention of transforming Iran into a global power and modernizing the nation by nationalizing certain industries[which?] On April 23, 2018, a mummified body, possibly that of Reza Shah, was found during expansion work at Shah Abdolazim Shrine at the site of the former mausoleum.[1]. Reza Schah Pahlavi (persisch رضا شاه پهلوی, DMG Reżā Šāh-e Pahlawī [rezɔːˈʃɔːh-e pæɦlæˈviː]), bis 5. Mohammad Reza loved to be compared to his "ego ideal" of General de Gaulle, and his courtiers constantly flattered him by calling him Iran's de Gaulle. In the early 1960s, when the State Department's Policy Planning Staff that included William R. Polk encouraged the Shah to distribute Iran's growing revenues more equitably, slow the rush toward militarisation, and open the government to political processes, he became furious and identified Polk as "the principal enemy of his regime." [159] Farah began collecting art and by the early 1970s owned works by Picasso, Gauguin, Chagall, and Braque, which added to the modernist feel of the Niavaran Palace[158], On 26 October 1967, twenty-six years into his reign as Shah ("King"), he took the ancient title Shāhanshāh ("Emperor" or "King of Kings") in a lavish coronation ceremony held in Tehran. During his early days as Shah, Mohammad Reza lacked self-confidence and spent most of his time with Perron writing poetry in French. This was rejected by conservative clerics like Kashani and National Front leaders like Hossein Makki, who sided with the king. The Apollo 11 crew visited Mohammad Reza during a world tour. While there, Mohammad Reza used the name of "David D. Newsom", Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs at that time, as his temporary code name, without Newsom's knowledge. [150], According to Vladimir Kuzichkin, a former KGB officer who defected to MI-6, the Soviet Union also targeted the Shah. They discovered he was being treated with a wrong medication worsening his condition.[303]. Under Mohammad Reza's father, the government supported advancements by women against child marriage, polygamy, exclusion from public society, and education segregation. [270] Next to the ancient ruins of Persepolis, the Shah gave orders to build a tent city covering 160 acres (0.65 km2), studded with three huge royal tents and fifty-nine lesser ones arranged in a star-shaped design. [187], Under Nixon, the United States finally agreed to sever all contact with any Iranians opposed to the Shah's regime, a concession that Mohammad Reza had been seeking since 1958. Si Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (محمدرضا پهلوی; Oktubre 16, 1919 - Hulyo 27, 1980) ay ang huling Shah ng Iran. Despite decades of pervasive surveillance by SAVAK, working closely with CIA, the extent of public opposition to the Shah, and his sudden departure, came as a considerable surprise to the US intelligence community and national leadership. [86][90] The Tudeh were nonetheless blamed and persecuted. 21–29, in: Mohammad Reza, Mission for my Country, London, 1961, p. 173. [54] Mohammad Reza's dominating and extremely possessive mother saw her daughter-in-law as a rival to her son's love, and took to humiliating Princess Fawzia, whose husband sided with his mother. The image of the crown was the centerpiece of the imperial standard of the Shah. [284] In September 1979, a doctor sent by David Rockefeller reported to the State Department that Mohammad Reza needed to come to the United States for medical treatment, an assessment not shared by Kean, who stated that the proper medical equipment for treating Mohammad Reza's cancer could be found in Mexico and the only problem was the former Shah's unwillingness to tell the Mexicans he had cancer. [52] Reza Shah did not participate in the ceremony. März 1878 in Ālāscht/Savādkuh, Māzandarān, Iran; gestorben am 26. [225] A July 1978 attempt to deny the rumors of Mohammad Reza's declining health (by publishing a crudely doctored photograph in the newspapers of the Emperor and Empress walking on the beach) instead further damaged the imperial mystique, as most people realised that what appeared to be two beach clogs on either side of the Shah were merely substitutes inserted for his airbrushed aides, who were holding him up as he now had difficulty walking by himself. [162] To complete the message, Mohammad Reza finished off the celebrations by opening a brand new museum in Tehran, the Shahyad Aryamehr, that was housed in a very modernistic building and attended another parade in the newly opened Aryamehr Stadium, intended to give a message of "compressed time" between antiquity and modernity.
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